Peptides studied for aging and immunity, including epitalon and thymosin alpha-1: what human research exists, international approvals and safety.
Epithalon · Epithalone · AEDG peptide · Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly
Synthetic tetrapeptide (pineal peptide bioregulator)
A synthetic 4-amino-acid peptide from Russian anti-aging research. It lengthened telomeres in cell studies, but nearly all research comes from one group, and human safety data are lacking.
Read moreGSH · Reduced glutathione · L-glutathione · Gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine · Gluta drip
Tripeptide antioxidant (glutamate, cysteine and glycine)
The body's main antioxidant, a 3-amino-acid peptide sold as IV drips, injections and pills. Evidence for skin lightening and Parkinson's is weak, and FDA has warned about contaminated injectables.
Read moreZadaxin · Thymalfasin · TA1 · Tα1 · Thymosin α1
Immune-modulating peptide (thymic peptide)
A 28-amino-acid immune peptide from the thymus, sold as Zadaxin outside the US for hepatitis B and immune support (reported in 30+ countries). Never FDA-approved.
Read moreEDR peptide · Glu-Asp-Arg · H-Glu-Asp-Arg-OH
Synthetic tripeptide (Khavinson peptide bioregulator)
A synthetic 3-amino-acid peptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) from Russian aging research. It protected brain cells in lab and rat studies, but human data are small, Russian-only and poorly described.
Read moreInvicorp (with phentolamine, outside the US) · Zyesami (investigational) · Vasoactive intestinal peptide · Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide · Aviptadil · RLF-100 · VIP nasal spray
Neuropeptide (secretin family)
A natural 28-amino-acid nerve and gut peptide. Synthetic VIP (aviptadil) failed a large COVID-19 trial, is approved abroad for erectile dysfunction, and is used off-label as a nasal spray for CIRS.
Read moreKartalax (Russian dietary supplement) · AED peptide · Ala-Glu-Asp · T-31 · Kartalax
Synthetic tripeptide (Khavinson peptide bioregulator)
A synthetic 3-amino-acid peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp) sold in Russia as a supplement and promoted for joints. It changed aging markers in cartilage and skin cells in lab studies, but we found no published human trial.
Read moreLys-Glu · KE peptide · L-lysyl-L-glutamic acid · Vilon dipeptide
Synthetic dipeptide (Khavinson peptide bioregulator); described in Russian papers as a thymomimetic
A synthetic two-amino-acid peptide (Lys-Glu) from Russian aging research. Mouse and rat studies reported fewer tumors and longer life, but human data are small, Russian-only and thinly described.
Read morePNC27 · p53(12-26)-penetratin · p53(15)Ant
Experimental anticancer peptide (p53-derived, cell-penetrating)
An experimental peptide built from part of the p53 tumor-suppressor protein. It killed cancer cells in lab and mouse studies, but has no human trials, and FDA has warned patients not to use it.
Read moreHN · MT-RNR2 peptide · HNG (S14G-humanin, analog) · Humanin-G (analog)
Mitochondrial-derived peptide (24 amino acids)
A 24-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. It protects cells and extends lifespan in lab and animal studies, but has never been tested as a treatment in people.
Read moreTestagen (Russian dietary supplement) · KEDG peptide · Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly · H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly-OH
Synthetic tetrapeptide (Khavinson peptide bioregulator)
A synthetic 4-amino-acid peptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) sold in Russia as a supplement for testicular function. Published research is very thin, and the only human data come from a short developer report.
Read moreThymalin (Russia) · Timalin · Тималин · thymus extract · calf thymus peptides
Thymus peptide extract; immunostimulant (ATC L03AX in Russia)
A peptide extract of calf thymus prescribed in Russia for immune deficiency. Russian studies report fewer deaths in older adults and COVID-19 patients, but the trials are small and poorly described.
Read moreFOXO4-D-Retro-Inverso · FOXO4 peptide
Senolytic cell-penetrating D-retro-inverso peptide
An experimental peptide designed to make senescent ('zombie') cells self-destruct. It improved fur, fitness and kidney function in old mice, but it has never been tested in people.
Read moreFTS · facteur thymique sérique · serum thymic factor · FTS-Zn · nonathymulin · thymulin acetate
Thymic peptide hormone (zinc-binding nonapeptide)
A zinc-dependent, 9-amino-acid hormone made by the thymus. Small French trials in the 1980s gave mixed results; hair growth data come mainly from lab-grown follicles, and it is not approved anywhere we found.
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Peptide bioregulators are short peptides and organ extracts from Vladimir Khavinson's Russian institute. Sequences, claimed targets, evidence and legal status.
Epitalon dosage in published research: the 0.5 mg daily sublingual human study, animal doses, where 5-10 mg online figures come from, and FDA's 2026 findings.
The best peptides for lung health, reviewed honestly: thymosin alpha-1 and VIP (aviptadil) failed in large COVID and sepsis trials. What actually helps lungs.
The best peptides for women over 40, ranked by evidence: approved bone, weight and libido peptides vs topical skin peptides and unproven anti-aging injections.
The best peptides for thyroid health? No peptide treats hypothyroidism or Hashimoto's. Learn what thyroid hormones are, the GLP-1 thyroid warning and the risks.
Epitalon vs pinealon compared: structure, what cell, animal and small human studies found, studied doses, safety gaps and 2026 FDA status of each peptide.
Epitalon side effects have never had a human safety trial. What FDA found in 2026, the telomerase cancer question, immune risks and who should avoid it.
Peptides for energy reviewed: MOTS-c, SS-31, growth hormone peptides and GLP-1s. What human trials found, the risks, and better first steps for fatigue.
Mitochondrial peptides explained: SS-31 won FDA approval for Barth syndrome in 2025, while humanin and MOTS-c remain untested as treatments in people.
Thymosin alpha-1 dosage from Zadaxin labels abroad (1.6 mg twice weekly) and trials in hepatitis B, sepsis, COVID-19 and cancer, plus half-life and US status.
Thymalin vs thymosin alpha 1: a Russian calf thymus extract versus a single 28-amino-acid peptide. How their evidence, dosing, side effects and status differ.
Peptides for autoimmune disease ranked by evidence: approved icotrokinra, zilucoplan and glatiramer acetate vs unproven thymosin alpha-1, KPV and BPC-157.
Pinealon dosage in published research: one Russian study used 100 mcg capsules twice daily for 2 weeks. Animal doses, gaps and why online protocols lack data.
The best peptides for immune support ranked by evidence: thymosin alpha-1 (Zadaxin abroad), LL-37 and thymalin, plus the proven basics like vaccines and sleep.
Thymalin vs thymulin: a Russian calf thymus extract versus a zinc-dependent 9-amino-acid thymus hormone. How their research, dosing and legal status differ.
Peptides for menopause, graded by evidence: no peptide treats hot flashes, but newer drugs block brain peptide signals, and peptide drugs help bone and weight.
Thymosin alpha-1 side effects from Zadaxin labels and trials: injection-site discomfort, liver enzyme flares, rare rash, who should avoid it and US status.
Thymalin dosage from the Russian label: 5 to 20 mg into muscle daily for 3 to 10 days in adults, children's doses, trial doses, side effects and US status.
The best peptides for kidney health by evidence: semaglutide cut kidney events 24% in FLOW. Why unproven peptides are a real risk if you have kidney disease.
Peptides vs exosomes for anti-aging: what each does, the human evidence for wrinkles and skin quality, safety concerns, FDA status and costs in 2026.
Best peptides for longevity ranked by evidence: GLP-1 drugs lowered death rates in trials; epitalon, MOTS-c, humanin and GHK-Cu lack human lifespan data.
Peptides for chronic fatigue graded by evidence: no peptide is proven for ME/CFS. Why pacing and symptom care come first, and what the trials found.
Thymosin alpha-1 vs LL-37 compared: how each immune peptide works, the human trial evidence, side effects, approvals abroad and US legal status in 2026.
The best peptides for heart health, ranked by evidence: semaglutide's SELECT results, tirzepatide in SUMMIT, elamipretide's narrow approval and unproven TB-500.
VIP for CIRS and mold illness: the single open-label study behind nasal VIP, why the evidence is very limited, and what mainstream mold research supports.
Peptides for Lyme disease reviewed: no peptide has human evidence. Antibiotics remain standard care, and extended or alternative treatments carry real risks.
Peptides for long COVID graded by evidence: thymosin alpha-1, VIP, larazotide, tirzepatide and growth hormone. No peptide is proven; here is what trials show.
Epitalon vs TA-65 compared: how each claims to lengthen telomeres, the human trial evidence, cancer questions, legal status and what remains unproven in 2026.
The best peptides for eye health by evidence: pegcetacoplan (Syfovre) for geographic atrophy, cyclosporine for dry eye, trial drugs and the NAION risk.
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